Feeding_control_system/common/sqlite_handler.py

"""
SQLite数据库操作通用公共类
提供数据库连接、表管理、CRUD操作等通用功能
"""
import sqlite3
import threading
import time
from typing import List, Dict, Any, Optional, Union
from pathlib import Path
from datetime import datetime


class SQLiteError(Exception):
    """SQLite操作基础异常类"""
    def __init__(self, message: str, sqlite_error_code: int = None, sql: str = None, 
                 params: tuple = None, db_path: str = None):
        super().__init__(message)
        self.message = message
        self.sqlite_error_code = sqlite_error_code
        self.sql = sql
        self.params = params
        self.db_path = db_path
        
    def __str__(self):
        error_info = f"SQLiteError: {self.message}"
        if self.sqlite_error_code:
            error_info += f" (错误代码: {self.sqlite_error_code})"
        if self.sql:
            error_info += f"\nSQL: {self.sql}"
        if self.params:
            error_info += f"\n参数: {self.params}"
        if self.db_path:
            error_info += f"\n数据库: {self.db_path}"
        return error_info


class SQLiteBusyError(SQLiteError):
    """SQLite BUSY错误异常（用于并发控制）"""
    def __init__(self, message: str, sqlite_error_code: int = None, sql: str = None, 
                 params: tuple = None, db_path: str = None, retry_attempt: int = None, max_retries: int = None):
        super().__init__(message, sqlite_error_code, sql, params, db_path)
        self.retry_attempt = retry_attempt
        self.max_retries = max_retries
        
    def __str__(self):
        error_info = f"SQLiteBusyError: {self.message}"
        if self.sqlite_error_code:
            error_info += f" (错误代码: {self.sqlite_error_code})"
        if self.retry_attempt is not None and self.max_retries is not None:
            error_info += f" (重试 {self.retry_attempt}/{self.max_retries})"
        if self.sql:
            error_info += f"\nSQL: {self.sql}"
        if self.params:
            error_info += f"\n参数: {self.params}"
        if self.db_path:
            error_info += f"\n数据库: {self.db_path}"
        return error_info


def _handle_sqlite_error(error: sqlite3.Error, operation: str, sql: str = None, 
                         params: tuple = None, db_path: str = None, 
                         retry_attempt: int = None, max_retries: int = None) -> SQLiteError:
    """
    将SQLite错误转换为自定义异常
    
    Args:
        error: 原始SQLite错误
        operation: 操作描述
        sql: 执行的SQL语句
        params: SQL参数
        db_path: 数据库路径
        retry_attempt: 重试次数（用于BUSY错误）
        max_retries: 最大重试次数
        
    Returns:
        SQLiteError: 对应的自定义异常
    """
    error_code = getattr(error, 'sqlite_errorcode', None)
    error_name = getattr(error, 'sqlite_errorname', None)
    
    error_message = f"{operation}失败: {str(error)}"
    if error_name:
        error_message += f" ({error_name})"
    
    # 如果是SQLITE_BUSY错误，返回SQLiteBusyError（用于并发控制）
    if error_name == 'SQLITE_BUSY':
        return SQLiteBusyError(
            message=error_message,
            sqlite_error_code=error_code,
            sql=sql,
            params=params,
            db_path=db_path,
            retry_attempt=retry_attempt,
            max_retries=max_retries
        )
    
    # 其他所有错误都返回通用的SQLiteError
    return SQLiteError(
        message=error_message,
        sqlite_error_code=error_code,
        sql=sql,
        params=params,
        db_path=db_path
    )


class SQLiteHandler:
    """SQLite数据库操作通用类（单例模式）"""

    _lock = threading.Lock()  # 单例锁
    _instances = {}
    @classmethod
    def get_instance(cls,db_path, *args, **kwargs):
         # 使用文件路径作为键
        key = db_path
        if key not in cls._instances:
            with cls._lock:  
                if key not in cls._instances:  # 双重检查
                    cls._instances[key] = cls(db_path, *args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[key]
    
    def __init__(self, db_path: str = "three.db", max_readers: int = 10, busy_timeout: int = 5000):
        """
        初始化SQLite处理器
        
        Args:
            db_path: 数据库文件路径，默认为app.db
            max_readers: 最大并发读取数，默认为10
            busy_timeout: SQLITE_BUSY超时时间（毫秒），默认为5000毫秒
        """            
        self.db_path = db_path
        self.max_readers = max_readers
        self.busy_timeout = busy_timeout
        
        # 读写分离锁
        self._read_lock = threading.RLock()  # 读锁（允许多个读）
        self._write_lock = threading.Lock()  # 写锁
        self._active_readers = 0  # 当前活跃读取数
        
        # 连接配置
        self._connection_params = {
            # 是否检测相同的线程（False允许在不同线程间共享连接）
            "check_same_thread": False,  
            # 设置数据库操作超时时间（秒）
            "timeout": 10
        }
        
        # SQLITE_BUSY重试配置
        self.busy_retry_attempts = 3  # 重试次数
        self.busy_retry_delay = 1  # 重试延迟（秒）
        
        # 确保数据库目录存在
        db_dir = Path(db_path).parent
        if not db_dir.exists():
            db_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
        
        # 初始化数据库参数
        self._setup_database_params()
    
    def _setup_database_params(self):
        """设置数据库连接参数"""
        try:
            # 创建临时连接来设置参数
            conn = sqlite3.connect(self.db_path, **self._connection_params)
        
            # 启用WAL模式（Write-Ahead Logging）
            cursor = conn.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode = WAL")
            journal_mode = cursor.fetchone()[0]
            print(f"WAL模式设置: {journal_mode}")
            
            # 启用外键约束
            conn.execute("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON")
            
            # 设置SQLITE_BUSY超时
            conn.execute(f"PRAGMA busy_timeout = {self.busy_timeout}")
            
            # 设置行工厂为字典形式
            conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
            
            conn.close()
            print("数据库参数设置完成")
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            print(f"设置数据库参数失败: {e}")
            raise
    
    def _create_connection(self) -> sqlite3.Connection:
        """创建新的数据库连接"""
        conn = sqlite3.connect(self.db_path, **self._connection_params)
        conn.set_trace_callback(lambda x: print(x))
        conn.row_factory = sqlite3.Row
        return conn
    
    def _acquire_read_lock(self):
        """获取读锁"""
        with self._read_lock:
            if self._active_readers >= self.max_readers:
                raise SQLiteBusyError(f"已达到最大并发读取数: {self.max_readers}")
            self._active_readers += 1
    
    def _release_read_lock(self):
        """释放读锁"""
        with self._read_lock:
            self._active_readers -= 1
    
    def _acquire_write_lock(self):
        """获取写锁，超时时间为30秒"""
        if not self._write_lock.acquire(timeout=30):
            raise SQLiteBusyError("获取写锁超时（30秒），可能发生死锁")
    

    
    def execute_read(self, sql: str, params: tuple = None) -> list:
        """
        执行读操作SQL语句（使用读写锁）
        
        Args:
            sql: SQL语句
            params: 参数元组
            
        Returns:
            list: 查询结果列表
            
        Raises:
            SQLiteError: SQL执行错误
            SQLiteBusyError: 并发读取数超过限制
        """
        start_time = time.time()
        
        # 获取读锁
        self._acquire_read_lock()
        
        conn = self._create_connection()
        try:
            if params:
                cursor = conn.execute(sql, params)
            else:
                cursor = conn.execute(sql)
            # 获取所有结果并返回，避免连接关闭后游标失效
            results = cursor.fetchall()
            return results
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            # 抛出自定义异常
            raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行读操作", sql, params, self.db_path)
        finally:
            # 关闭连接
            if conn:
                conn.close()
            # 释放读锁
            self._release_read_lock()
            
            # 记录执行时间
            execution_time = time.time() - start_time
            if execution_time > 1.0:
                print(f"⚠️ 读操作执行时间过长: {execution_time:.3f}秒 - SQL: {sql[:100]}{'...' if len(sql) > 100 else ''}")
    
    def execute_write(self, sql: str, params: tuple = None) -> sqlite3.Cursor:
        """
        执行写操作SQL语句（使用读写锁和BEGIN IMMEDIATE事务）
        
        Args:
            sql: SQL语句
            params: 参数元组
            
        Returns:
            sqlite3.Cursor: 执行结果游标
            
        Raises:
            SQLiteError: SQL执行错误
            SQLiteBusyError: SQLITE_BUSY错误，达到最大重试次数
        """
        start_time = time.time()
        
        # 获取写锁
        self._acquire_write_lock()
        
        conn = self._create_connection()
        cursor = None
        
        try:
            # 使用BEGIN IMMEDIATE事务
            for attempt in range(self.busy_retry_attempts):
                try:
                    # 开始IMMEDIATE事务
                    conn.execute("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
                    
                    # 执行SQL
                    if params:
                        cursor = conn.execute(sql, params)
                    else:
                        cursor = conn.execute(sql)
                    
                    # 提交事务
                    conn.commit()
                    return cursor
                    
                except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
                    # 如果是SQLITE_BUSY错误，进行重试
                    if "database is locked" in str(e) or "SQLITE_BUSY" in str(e):
                        if attempt < self.busy_retry_attempts - 1:
                            conn.rollback()
                            print(f"SQLITE_BUSY错误，第{attempt + 1}次重试...")
                            time.sleep(self.busy_retry_delay)
                            continue
                        else:
                            # 最后一次尝试失败
                            conn.rollback()
                            raise _handle_sqlite_error(
                                e, "执行写操作", sql, params, self.db_path, 
                                attempt, self.busy_retry_attempts
                            )
                    else:
                        # 其他操作错误，直接抛出
                        conn.rollback()
                        raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行写操作", sql, params, self.db_path)
                except sqlite3.Error as e:
                    # 其他SQLite错误，回滚并抛出
                    conn.rollback()
                    raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行写操作", sql, params, self.db_path)
                    
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            raise
        finally:
            # 关闭连接
            if conn:
                conn.close()
            # 释放写锁
            self._write_lock.release()
            
            # 记录执行时间
            execution_time = time.time() - start_time
            if execution_time > 1.0:
                print(f"⚠️ 写操作执行时间过长: {execution_time:.3f}秒 - SQL: {sql[:100]}{'...' if len(sql) > 100 else ''}")
    
    def executemany_write(self, sql: str, params_list: List[tuple]) -> sqlite3.Cursor:
        """
        执行批量写操作
        
        Args:
            sql: SQL语句
            params_list: 参数列表
            
        Returns:
            sqlite3.Cursor: 游标对象
            
        Raises:
            SQLiteError: SQL执行错误
            SQLiteBusyError: SQLITE_BUSY错误，达到最大重试次数
        """
        start_time = time.time()
        
        # 获取写锁
        self._acquire_write_lock()
        
        conn = self._create_connection()
        cursor = None
        
        try:
            # 使用BEGIN IMMEDIATE事务
            for attempt in range(self.busy_retry_attempts):
                try:
                    # 开始IMMEDIATE事务
                    conn.execute("BEGIN IMMEDIATE")
                    
                    # 执行批量SQL
                    cursor = conn.cursor()
                    cursor.executemany(sql, params_list)
                    
                    # 提交事务
                    conn.commit()
                    return cursor
                    
                except sqlite3.OperationalError as e:
                    # 如果是SQLITE_BUSY错误，进行重试
                    if "database is locked" in str(e) or "SQLITE_BUSY" in str(e):
                        if attempt < self.busy_retry_attempts - 1:
                            conn.rollback()
                            print(f"SQLITE_BUSY错误，第{attempt + 1}次重试...")
                            time.sleep(self.busy_retry_delay)
                            continue
                        else:
                            # 最后一次尝试失败
                            conn.rollback()
                            raise _handle_sqlite_error(
                                e, "执行批量写操作", sql, params_list, self.db_path, 
                                attempt, self.busy_retry_attempts
                            )
                    else:
                        # 其他操作错误，直接抛出
                        conn.rollback()
                        raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行批量写操作", sql, params_list, self.db_path)
                except sqlite3.Error as e:
                    # 其他SQLite错误，回滚并抛出
                    conn.rollback()
                    raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行批量写操作", sql, params_list, self.db_path)
                    
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            raise
        finally:
            # 关闭连接
            if conn:
                conn.close()
            # 释放写锁
            self._write_lock.release()
            
            # 记录执行时间
            execution_time = time.time() - start_time
            if execution_time > 1.0:
                print(f"⚠️ 批量写操作执行时间过长: {execution_time:.3f}秒 - SQL: {sql[:100]}{'...' if len(sql) > 100 else ''} (批量数量: {len(params_list)})")
    
    def fetch_all(self, sql: str, params: tuple = None) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        查询所有记录（使用读连接）
        
        Args:
            sql: 查询SQL
            params: 查询参数
            
        Returns:
            List[Dict[str, Any]]: 查询结果列表
        """
        start_time = time.time()
        
        conn = None
        try:
            # 获取读锁
            self._acquire_read_lock()
            
            conn = self._create_connection()
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            
            # 执行查询
            if params:
                cursor.execute(sql, params)
            else:
                cursor.execute(sql)
            
            rows = cursor.fetchall()
            return [dict(row) for row in rows]
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            # 抛出自定义异常
            raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行读操作", sql, params, self.db_path)
        finally:
            # 关闭连接
            if conn:
                conn.close()
            # 释放读锁
            self._release_read_lock()
            
            # 记录执行时间
            execution_time = time.time() - start_time
            if execution_time > 1.0:
                print(f"⚠️ fetch_all执行时间过长: {execution_time:.3f}秒 - SQL: {sql[:100]}{'...' if len(sql) > 100 else ''}")
    
    def fetch_one(self, sql: str, params: tuple = None) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        查询单条记录（使用读连接）
        
        Args:
            sql: 查询SQL
            params: 查询参数
            
        Returns:
            Optional[Dict[str, Any]]: 查询结果，如果没有记录返回None
        """
        start_time = time.time()
        
        conn = None
        try:
            # 获取读锁
            self._acquire_read_lock()
            
            conn = self._create_connection()
            cursor = conn.cursor()
            
            # 执行查询
            if params:
                cursor.execute(sql, params)
            else:
                cursor.execute(sql)
            
            row = cursor.fetchone()
            return dict(row) if row else None
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            # 抛出自定义异常
            raise _handle_sqlite_error(e, "执行读操作", sql, params, self.db_path)
        finally:
            # 关闭连接
            if conn:
                conn.close()
            # 释放读锁
            self._release_read_lock()
            
            # 记录执行时间
            execution_time = time.time() - start_time
            if execution_time > 1.0:
                print(f"⚠️ fetch_one执行时间过长: {execution_time:.3f}秒 - SQL: {sql[:100]}{'...' if len(sql) > 100 else ''}")
    
    def insert(self, table: str, data: Dict[str, Any]) -> int:
        """
        插入单条记录（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            table: 表名
            data: 插入数据字典
            
        Returns:
            int: 插入记录的主键ID
        """
        columns = ', '.join(data.keys())
        placeholders = ', '.join(['?'] * len(data))
        sql = f"INSERT INTO {table} ({columns}) VALUES ({placeholders})"
        
        cursor = self.execute_write(sql, tuple(data.values()))
        return cursor.lastrowid
        
    def insert_select(self, target_table: str, target_columns: List[str], 
                      source_table: str, source_columns: List[str],
                      where_condition: str = None, where_params: tuple = None) -> int:
        """
        使用 INSERT INTO ... SELECT ... WHERE 语法从源表向目标表插入数据     
        Args:
            target_table: 目标表名
            target_columns: 目标表的列名列表
            source_table: 源表名
            source_columns: 源表的列名列表，与目标表列一一对应
            where_condition: WHERE条件语句（不含WHERE关键字）
            where_params: WHERE条件参数
            
        Returns:
            int: 插入的记录数量
        """
        # 构建目标列和源列的字符串
        target_cols_str = ', '.join(target_columns)
        source_cols_str = ', '.join(source_columns)
        
        # 构建基础SQL
        sql = f"INSERT INTO {target_table} ({target_cols_str}) SELECT {source_cols_str} FROM {source_table}"
        
        # 添加WHERE条件（如果有）
        if where_condition:
            sql += f" WHERE {where_condition}"
        
        # 执行SQL语句
        cursor = self.execute_write(sql, where_params)
        return cursor.rowcount
    
    def insert_many(self, table: str, data_list: List[Dict[str, Any]]) -> int:
        """
        批量插入记录（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            table: 表名
            data_list: 数据字典列表
            
        Returns:
            int: 插入的记录数量
        """
        if not data_list:
            return 0
        
        columns = ', '.join(data_list[0].keys())
        placeholders = ', '.join(['?'] * len(data_list[0]))
        sql = f"INSERT INTO {table} ({columns}) VALUES ({placeholders})"
        
        params_list = [tuple(data.values()) for data in data_list]
        cursor = self.executemany_write(sql, params_list)
        return cursor.rowcount
    
    def update(self, table: str, data: Dict[str, Any], where: str, where_params: tuple = None) -> int:
        """
        更新记录（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            table: 表名
            data: 更新数据字典
            where: WHERE条件
            where_params: WHERE条件参数
            
        Returns:
            int: 更新的记录数量
        """
        set_clause = ', '.join([f"{key} = ?" for key in data.keys()])
        sql = f"UPDATE {table} SET {set_clause} WHERE {where}"
        
        params = tuple(data.values())
        if where_params:
            params += where_params
        
        cursor = self.execute_write(sql, params)
        return cursor.rowcount
    
    def delete(self, table: str, where: str, where_params: tuple = None) -> int:
        """
        删除记录（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            table: 表名
            where: WHERE条件
            where_params: WHERE条件参数
            
        Returns:
            int: 删除的记录数量
        """
        sql = f"DELETE FROM {table} WHERE {where}"
        cursor = self.execute_write(sql, where_params)
        return cursor.rowcount
    
    def add_column(self, table_name: str, column_name: str, column_type: str) -> bool:
        """
        添加列到表（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            table_name: 表名
            column_name: 列名
            column_type: 列数据类型
            
        Returns:
            bool: 是否添加成功
        """
        if not self.table_exists(table_name):
            print(f"表 {table_name} 不存在")
            return False
        
        sql = f"ALTER TABLE {table_name} ADD COLUMN {column_name} {column_type}"
        
        try:
            self.execute_write(sql)
            print(f"列 {column_name} 添加到表 {table_name} 成功")
            return True
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            print(f"添加列 {column_name} 到表 {table_name} 失败: {e}")
            return False
    
    def table_exists(self, table_name: str) -> bool:
        """
        检查表是否存在（使用读连接）
        
        Args:
            table_name: 表名
            
        Returns:
            bool: 表是否存在
        """
        sql = "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name=?"
        result = self.fetch_one(sql, (table_name,))
        return result is not None

    def create_table(self, table_name: str, columns: Dict[str, str]) -> bool:
        """
        创建表（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            table_name: 表名
            columns: 列定义字典，格式为 {列名: 数据类型}
            
        Returns:
            bool: 是否创建成功
        """
        if self.table_exists(table_name):
            print(f"表 {table_name} 已存在")
            return True
        
        # 构建CREATE TABLE语句
        column_definitions = ', '.join([f"{col_name} {col_type}" for col_name, col_type in columns.items()])
        sql = f"CREATE TABLE {table_name} ({column_definitions})"
        
        try:
            self.execute_write(sql)
            print(f"表 {table_name} 创建成功")
            return True
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            print(f"创建表 {table_name} 失败: {e}")
            return False

    def get_table_info(self, table_name: str) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
        """
        获取表结构信息（使用读连接）
        
        Args:
            table_name: 表名
            
        Returns:
            List[Dict[str, Any]]: 表结构信息列表
        """
        if not self.table_exists(table_name):
            print(f"表 {table_name} 不存在")
            return []
        
        sql = f"PRAGMA table_info({table_name})"
        return self.fetch_all(sql)

    def get_table_count(self, table_name: str, where: str = None, where_params: tuple = None) -> int:
        """
        获取表记录数量（使用读连接）
        
        Args:
            table_name: 表名
            where: WHERE条件
            where_params: WHERE条件参数
            
        Returns:
            int: 记录数量
        """
        sql = f"SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM {table_name}"
        if where:
            sql += f" WHERE {where}"
        
        result = self.fetch_one(sql, where_params)
        return result['count'] if result else 0
    
    def vacuum(self,max_retries=3):
        """执行VACUUM操作，优化数据库（使用写连接）"""
        for attempt in range(max_retries):
            try:
                self.execute_write("VACUUM")
                return True
            except SQLiteBusyError:
                if attempt < max_retries - 1:
                    time.sleep(2 ** attempt)  # 指数退避
                else:
                    raise
    
    def backup_database(self, backup_path: str) -> bool:
        """
        备份数据库到指定文件（使用写连接）
        
        Args:
            backup_path: 备份文件路径
            
        Returns:
            bool: 备份是否成功
        """
        try:
            # 确保备份目录存在
            backup_dir = Path(backup_path).parent
            if not backup_dir.exists():
                backup_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            
            # 使用SQLite的备份API
            source_conn = self._create_connection()
            backup_conn = sqlite3.connect(backup_path)
            
            # 执行备份
            source_conn.backup(backup_conn)
            backup_conn.close()
            
            print(f"数据库备份成功: {backup_path}")
            return True
        except sqlite3.Error as e:
            print(f"数据库备份失败: {e}")
            return False
    
    def create_incremental_backup(self, backup_dir: str, max_backups: int = 10) -> bool:
        """
        创建增量备份，自动管理备份文件数量
        
        Args:
            backup_dir: 备份目录
            max_backups: 最大备份文件数量
            
        Returns:
            bool: 备份是否成功
        """
        try:
            # 确保备份目录存在
            backup_path = Path(backup_dir)
            if not backup_path.exists():
                backup_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
            
            # 生成备份文件名（包含时间戳）
            timestamp = datetime.now().strftime("%Y%m%d_%H%M%S")
            db_name = Path(self.db_path).stem
            backup_file = backup_path / f"{db_name}_backup_{timestamp}.db"
            
            # 执行备份
            success = self.backup_database(str(backup_file))
            
            if success:
                # 清理旧的备份文件
                backup_files = list(backup_path.glob(f"{db_name}_backup_*.db"))
                backup_files.sort(key=lambda x: x.stat().st_mtime, reverse=True)
                
                # 删除超出数量的旧备份
                for old_backup in backup_files[max_backups:]:
                    old_backup.unlink()
                    print(f"删除旧备份: {old_backup.name}")
                
                print(f"增量备份完成，当前备份数量: {min(len(backup_files), max_backups)}")
            
            return success
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"增量备份失败: {e}")
            return False
    
# 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # 创建数据库处理器
    db = SQLiteHandler.get_instance("db/three.db", max_readers=50, busy_timeout=4000)
    
    # # 创建表
    # columns = {
    #     "id": "INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT",
    #     "name": "TEXT NOT NULL",
    #     "age": "INTEGER",
    #     "created_at": "TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP"
    # }
    # db.create_table("users", columns)
    
    # # 插入数据
    # user_data = {"name": "张三", "age": 25}
    # user_id = db.insert("users", user_data)
    # print(f"插入用户ID: {user_id}")
    
    # # 批量插入
    # users_data = [
    #     {"name": "李四", "age": 30},
    #     {"name": "王五", "age": 28}
    # ]
    # count = db.insert_many("users", users_data)
    # print(f"批量插入数量: {count}")
    
    # # 查询数据
    # users = db.fetch_all("SELECT * FROM users")
    # print("所有用户:", users)
    
    # # 更新数据
    # update_count = db.update("users", {"age": 26}, "id = ?", (user_id,))
    # print(f"更新记录数: {update_count}")
    
    # # 查询单条
    # user = db.fetch_one("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?", (user_id,))
    # print("单个用户:", user)
    
    # # 删除数据
    # delete_count = db.delete("users", "age > ?", (25,))
    # print(f"删除记录数: {delete_count}")
    
    # # 获取表信息
    # table_info = db.get_table_info("users")
    # print("表结构:", table_info)