# ==================== 五连杆机械臂轨迹控制(直接角度发送版)==================== # 功能:轨迹生成 + 逆解 + 直接控制 + 动画显示 + 关节角度可视化 + FK 验证 # ============================================================================== import time import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from matplotlib.animation import FuncAnimation from time import perf_counter # 高精度计时 # 设置中文字体和负号显示 plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei', 'WenQuanYi Zen Hei', 'FangSong'] plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False # ------------------------ 调试开关 ------------------------ #DEBUG_MODE = False # <<< 设为 False 控制真实电机 DEBUG_MODE = True # <<< 设为 False 控制真实电机 # 导入运动学和轨迹函数(确保路径正确) try: from calculate.ik import inverseF from calculate.fk import forwardF from calculate.trajectory import ( circle_trajectory, line_trajectory, line_trajectory_fix, ellipse_trajectory, square_trajectory, triangle_trajectory ) except ImportError as e: print(f"【警告】无法导入运动学模块: {e}, 使用 DEBUG_MODE") DEBUG_MODE = True # -------------------- 非 Debug 模式导入硬件库 -------------------- if not DEBUG_MODE: try: from DM_CAN.DM_CAN import Motor, MotorControl, DM_Motor_Type, Control_Type import serial except ImportError as e: print(f"硬件库导入失败: {e}") exit(1) else: print("【DEBUG MODE】: 已启用调试模式,不连接真实硬件。") # ------------------------ 机械臂参数 ------------------------ L1 = 250 # 左臂长度 (mm) L2 = 300 L3 = 300 L4 = 250 # 右臂长度 L0 = 250 # 基座右端偏移 # ------------------------ 电机与通信配置 ------------------------ MOTOR1_ID = 0x01 MOTOR2_ID = 0x02 CAN_SERIAL_PORT = '/dev/ttyACM0' BAUD_RATE = 921600 KP = 50.0 KD = 1.0 DT = 0.01 # 控制周期 10ms(每点延时) # ------------------------ 全局变量 ------------------------ motor1 = motor2 = motor_control = None current_theta1 = current_theta4 = 0.0 x_list = y_list = [] # 轨迹点 line = None # ------------------------ 精确延时 ------------------------ def busy_wait(dt): """高精度延时""" start = perf_counter() while perf_counter() - start < dt: pass # ------------------------ 角度连续性调整 ------------------------ def adjust_angle_continuity(new_angle, prev_angle): """ 防止角度跳变(如 3.14 → -3.14),保持连续 """ diff = new_angle - prev_angle while diff > np.pi: diff -= 2 * np.pi while diff < -np.pi: diff += 2 * np.pi return prev_angle + diff # ------------------------ 初始化电机 ------------------------ def init_motors(): global motor1, motor2, motor_control if DEBUG_MODE: print("【DEBUG】跳过电机初始化") # 给个简单的 mock,包含 getPosition 接口(返回度数) class MockMotor: def __init__(self): self._pos_deg = 90.0 # 默认为 90°(即偏移后的值) def getPosition(self): return self._pos_deg def setPosition(self, deg): self._pos_deg = deg motor1 = MockMotor() motor2 = MockMotor() class MockControl: def enable(self, m): return True def disable(self, m): return None def controlMIT(self, m, kp, kd, pos, vel, torq): # pos 为弧度,记录到mock motor(用于DEBUG可视化一致性) try: deg = np.degrees(pos + np.pi/2) # 因为 motor 的 getPosition 返回带偏移的度值 if m is motor1: motor1.setPosition(deg) elif m is motor2: motor2.setPosition(deg) except: pass return None def refresh_motor_status(self, m): return None def switchControlMode(self, m, mode): return None def save_motor_param(self, m): return None motor_control = MockControl() return motor1, motor2, motor_control try: can_serial = serial.Serial(CAN_SERIAL_PORT, BAUD_RATE, timeout=0.5) print(f"CAN 串口 {CAN_SERIAL_PORT} 打开成功") except Exception as e: print(f"无法打开串口: {e}") exit(1) motor_control = MotorControl(can_serial) motor1 = Motor(DM_Motor_Type.DM4310, MOTOR1_ID, 0x11) motor2 = Motor(DM_Motor_Type.DM4310, MOTOR2_ID, 0x12) motor_control.addMotor(motor1) motor_control.addMotor(motor2) motor_control.switchControlMode(motor1, Control_Type.MIT) motor_control.switchControlMode(motor2, Control_Type.MIT) time.sleep(0.1) motor_control.save_motor_param(motor1) motor_control.save_motor_param(motor2) motor_control.enable(motor1) motor_control.enable(motor2) print("电机已使能。") return motor1, motor2, motor_control # ------------------------ MIT 控制函数 ------------------------ def control_two_motors_mit(theta1_rad, theta4_rad): """ 发送 MIT 控制指令(角度单位:弧度) 参数: theta1_rad, theta4_rad —— 目标角度(弧度),这里 theta 已去除 ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD """ global current_theta1, current_theta4 pos1 = theta1_rad pos4 = theta4_rad vel = 0.1 torq = 0.0 if not DEBUG_MODE: motor_control.controlMIT(motor1, KP, KD, pos1, vel, torq) motor_control.controlMIT(motor2, KP, KD, pos4, vel, torq) else: # DEBUG 模式:打印并更新 mock motor(mock control 已在 init 中实现) print(f"[DEBUG] 控制 -> θ1={np.degrees(theta1_rad):.2f}°, θ4={np.degrees(theta4_rad):.2f}°") motor_control.controlMIT(motor1, KP, KD, pos1, vel, torq) motor_control.controlMIT(motor2, KP, KD, pos4, vel, torq) current_theta1 = theta1_rad current_theta4 = theta4_rad # ------------------------ 平滑移动到起点(插值过渡)------------------------ def move_to_start_interpolated(start_x, start_y, steps=60, dt=DT): """ 从电机当前位置平滑插值过渡到轨迹起点 返回:time_log_pre, theta1_log_pre, theta4_log_pre, x_fk_log_pre, y_fk_log_pre """ ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD = np.pi / 2 # 计算目标角度(逆解) try: theta1_target_raw, theta4_target_raw = inverseF(start_x, start_y, L1, L2, L3, L4, L0) theta1_target = float(theta1_target_raw) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD theta4_target = float(theta4_target_raw) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD except Exception as e: print(f"起点逆解失败: {e}") return [], [], [], [], [] # 获取当前电机角度(转换为去偏移的弧度值) if not DEBUG_MODE: try: motor_control.refresh_motor_status(motor1) motor_control.refresh_motor_status(motor2) time.sleep(0.05) pos1_deg = motor1.getPosition() # 电机读数通常为度(含偏移) pos2_deg = motor2.getPosition() current_theta1 = np.radians(pos1_deg) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD current_theta4 = np.radians(pos2_deg) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD except Exception as e: print(f"读取电机当前位置失败: {e}; 使用默认 0") current_theta1 = current_theta4 = 0.0 else: # DEBUG 下使用 mock motor 的 getPosition(init 已设置) try: pos1_deg = motor1.getPosition() pos2_deg = motor2.getPosition() current_theta1 = np.radians(pos1_deg) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD current_theta4 = np.radians(pos2_deg) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD except: current_theta1 = current_theta4 = 0.0 # 生成插值序列(考虑角度连续性) theta1_target = adjust_angle_continuity(theta1_target, current_theta1) theta4_target = adjust_angle_continuity(theta4_target, current_theta4) theta1_list = np.linspace(current_theta1, theta1_target, steps) theta4_list = np.linspace(current_theta4, theta4_target, steps) # 日志 time_log = [] theta1_log = [] theta4_log = [] x_fk_log = [] y_fk_log = [] print(f"平滑移动到起点 -> θ1_target={np.degrees(theta1_target):.2f}°, θ4_target={np.degrees(theta4_target):.2f}° (steps={steps})") start_t = perf_counter() l1, l2, l3, l4, l5 = L1, L2, L3, L4, L0 omega1 = omega4 = 0.0 alpha1 = alpha4 = 0.0 for t1, t4 in zip(theta1_list, theta4_list): # 发送控制 control_two_motors_mit(float(t1), float(t4)) # FK 验证(使用带偏移角度) try: xc, yc, *_ = forwardF( u1=float(t1 + ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD), u4=float(t4 + ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD), omega1=omega1, omega4=omega4, l1=l1, l2=l2, l3=l3, l4=l4, l5=l5, alpha1=alpha1, alpha4=alpha4 ) except Exception: xc, yc = np.nan, np.nan elapsed = perf_counter() - start_t time_log.append(elapsed) theta1_log.append(np.degrees(float(t1))) # 记录发送给电机的角度(度) theta4_log.append(np.degrees(float(t4))) x_fk_log.append(xc) y_fk_log.append(yc) busy_wait(dt) return time_log, theta1_log, theta4_log, x_fk_log, y_fk_log # ------------------------ 直接轨迹执行函数(无插值)------------------------ from time import perf_counter import numpy as np def execute_direct_trajectory(x_list_in, y_list_in, dt=DT): """ 直接执行轨迹:对每个 (x,y) 计算逆解并立即发送角度,不做任何插值或速度规划 返回: (time_log, theta1_log, theta4_log, x_fk_log, y_fk_log) """ global motor_control, motor1, motor2 # 定义90度对应于弧度的偏移量 ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD = np.pi / 2 # 即90度对应的弧度值 time_log = [] theta1_log = [] theta4_log = [] x_fk_log = [] y_fk_log = [] l1, l2, l3, l4, l5 = L1, L2, L3, L4, L0 omega1 = omega4 = 0.0 alpha1 = alpha4 = 0.0 # 获取当前角度(用于连续性调整) if not DEBUG_MODE: try: motor_control.refresh_motor_status(motor1) motor_control.refresh_motor_status(motor2) time.sleep(0.1) motor_control.refresh_motor_status(motor1) motor_control.refresh_motor_status(motor2) current_theta1 = np.radians(motor1.getPosition()) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD current_theta4 = np.radians(motor2.getPosition()) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD except Exception: # 若读取失败则以前次 global 值或 0 为准 current_theta1 = current_theta4 = 0.0 else: # DEBUG 下 mock motor 初始已设置为 90deg,减偏移得到 0 try: current_theta1 = np.radians(motor1.getPosition()) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD current_theta4 = np.radians(motor2.getPosition()) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD except Exception: current_theta1 = current_theta4 = 0.0 start_time = perf_counter() for i, (x, y) in enumerate(zip(x_list_in, y_list_in)): try: # 计算逆解 raw_theta1, raw_theta4 = inverseF(x, y, L1, L2, L3, L4, L0) # 应用角度偏移 target_theta1 = float(raw_theta1) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD target_theta4 = float(raw_theta4) - ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD # 调整角度连续性 target_theta1 = adjust_angle_continuity(target_theta1, current_theta1) target_theta4 = adjust_angle_continuity(target_theta4, current_theta4) except Exception as e: print(f"第 {i} 点逆解失败 ({x:.2f}, {y:.2f}): {e}") # 保持上一角度 target_theta1 = current_theta1 target_theta4 = current_theta4 else: current_theta1, current_theta4 = target_theta1, target_theta4 # === 直接发送角度到电机(假设motor api接受弧度值)=== control_two_motors_mit(target_theta1, target_theta4) # === FK 验证实际到达位置 === try: xc, yc, *_ = forwardF( u1=target_theta1 + ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD, u4=target_theta4 + ANGLE_OFFSET_RAD, omega1=omega1, omega4=omega4, l1=l1, l2=l2, l3=l3, l4=l4, l5=l5, alpha1=alpha1, alpha4=alpha4 ) x_fk_log.append(xc) y_fk_log.append(yc) except Exception: x_fk_log.append(np.nan) y_fk_log.append(np.nan) # 记录日志 elapsed = perf_counter() - start_time time_log.append(elapsed) theta1_log.append(np.degrees(target_theta1)) # 将弧度转回角度以便记录(电机实际角度) theta4_log.append(np.degrees(target_theta4)) # 固定延时,控制发送频率 busy_wait(dt) return time_log, theta1_log, theta4_log, x_fk_log, y_fk_log # ------------------------ 动画绘制函数 ------------------------ def draw_frame(i): x = x_list[i] y = y_list[i] try: theta1, theta4 = inverseF(x, y, L1, L2, L3, L4, L0) x2 = L1 * np.cos(theta1) y2 = L1 * np.sin(theta1) x4 = L0 + L4 * np.cos(theta4) y4 = L4 * np.sin(theta4) x_coords = [0, x2, x, x4, L0] y_coords = [0, y2, y, y4, 0] line.set_data(x_coords, y_coords) except Exception: line.set_data([], []) return line, # ------------------------ 轨迹动画与执行 + 可视化 + FK 验证 ------------------------ def run_trajectory_with_animation(trajectory_func, **params): global x_list, y_list, line print(f"生成轨迹: {trajectory_func.__name__}") x_list, y_list = trajectory_func(**params) print(f"轨迹点数: {len(x_list)}") if len(x_list) == 0: print("轨迹点为空,退出。") return # --- 平滑移动到轨迹起点(插值过渡),并收集 pre-move 日志 --- t_pre, th1_pre, th4_pre, xfk_pre, yfk_pre = move_to_start_interpolated(x_list[0], y_list[0], steps=60, dt=DT) # --- 动画 --- fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 8)) ax.set_xlim(-50, L0 + 100) ax.set_ylim(0, 500) ax.set_aspect('equal') ax.grid(True, alpha=0.6) ax.set_title(f"五连杆机械臂 - 轨迹: {trajectory_func.__name__}") ax.plot(x_list, y_list, 'b--', alpha=0.5, label='目标轨迹') line, = ax.plot([], [], 'r-o', lw=3, ms=6, label='机械臂') ax.legend() ani = FuncAnimation(fig, draw_frame, frames=len(x_list), interval=50, blit=True, repeat=False) plt.show() # --- 执行并记录(正向)--- print("开始执行轨迹(正向)...") t_fwd, th1_fwd, th4_fwd, xfk_fwd, yfk_fwd = execute_direct_trajectory(x_list, y_list, dt=DT) # --- 执行并记录(反向)--- print("开始执行轨迹(反向)...") t_rev, th1_rev, th4_rev, xfk_rev, yfk_rev = execute_direct_trajectory(x_list[::-1], y_list[::-1], dt=DT) # --- 合并三个阶段的数据(仅用于角度时间线显示) --- time_offset = 0.0 all_time = [] all_th1 = [] all_th4 = [] all_xfk = [] all_yfk = [] # add pre for dt0, a, b, c, d in zip(t_pre, th1_pre, th4_pre, xfk_pre, yfk_pre): all_time.append(time_offset + dt0) all_th1.append(a) all_th4.append(b) all_xfk.append(c) all_yfk.append(d) if len(t_pre) > 0: time_offset = all_time[-1] # add fwd (shifted) for dt0, a, b, c, d in zip(t_fwd, th1_fwd, th4_fwd, xfk_fwd, yfk_fwd): all_time.append(time_offset + dt0 + DT) all_th1.append(a) all_th4.append(b) all_xfk.append(c) all_yfk.append(d) if len(t_fwd) > 0: time_offset = all_time[-1] # add rev (shifted) for dt0, a, b, c, d in zip(t_rev, th1_rev, th4_rev, xfk_rev, yfk_rev): all_time.append(time_offset + dt0 + DT) all_th1.append(a) all_th4.append(b) all_xfk.append(c) all_yfk.append(d) # --- 绘制关节角度(包含预定位) --- fig2, (ax1, ax2) = plt.subplots(2, 1, figsize=(10, 6), sharex=True) ax1.plot(all_time, all_th1, 'b-o', markersize=3, linewidth=1.0, label='θ₁ (电机1)') ax1.set_ylabel('关节角 θ₁ (°)') ax1.set_title('电机关节角度随时间变化(含预定位 + 正向 + 反向)') ax1.grid(True, alpha=0.5) ax1.legend() ax2.plot(all_time, all_th4, 'r-o', markersize=3, linewidth=1.0, label='θ₄ (电机2)') ax2.set_xlabel('时间 (秒)') ax2.set_ylabel('关节角 θ₄ (°)') ax2.grid(True, alpha=0.5) ax2.legend() plt.tight_layout() plt.show() # --- FK 验证(只使用正向段;若需要也绘制反向段)--- fig3, ax3 = plt.subplots(figsize=(10, 8)) ax3.plot(x_list, y_list, 'b--', linewidth=2, label='目标轨迹', alpha=0.8) # 正向 FK(对比目标) if len(xfk_fwd) > 0: ax3.plot(xfk_fwd, yfk_fwd, 'g-', linewidth=2, marker='o', markersize=3, label='FK 重建轨迹(正向)', alpha=0.8) # 标注正向起点/终点(若存在有效点) valid_idx = [i for i, (xx, yy) in enumerate(zip(xfk_fwd, yfk_fwd)) if not (np.isnan(xx) or np.isnan(yy))] if len(valid_idx) > 0: ax3.scatter(xfk_fwd[valid_idx[0]], yfk_fwd[valid_idx[0]], c='green', s=100, marker='s', label='正向起点') ax3.scatter(xfk_fwd[valid_idx[-1]], yfk_fwd[valid_idx[-1]], c='lime', s=100, marker='x', label='正向终点') # 反向 FK(对比反向目标) if len(xfk_rev) > 0: # xfk_rev 对应的是 x_list[::-1] ax3.plot(xfk_rev, yfk_rev, 'm-', linewidth=1.5, marker='x', markersize=3, label='FK 重建轨迹(反向)', alpha=0.7) ax3.set_xlabel('X (mm)') ax3.set_ylabel('Y (mm)') ax3.set_title('FK 验证:目标 vs 实际轨迹(不包含预定位段)') ax3.grid(True, alpha=0.5) ax3.legend() ax3.set_aspect('equal', adjustable='box') plt.tight_layout() plt.show() # --- 误差统计(仅统计正向段的误差,与目标 x_list/y_list 对比) --- mask = ~np.isnan(xfk_fwd) & ~np.isnan(yfk_fwd) if np.sum(mask) == 0: print("【警告】正向段 FK 数据全为 nan,无法计算误差") else: try: valid_x = np.array(xfk_fwd)[mask] valid_y = np.array(yfk_fwd)[mask] # 用线性插值重采样 valid 序列到目标轨迹长度 from scipy.interpolate import interp1d t_fk = np.linspace(0, 1, len(valid_x)) f_x = interp1d(t_fk, valid_x, kind='linear', fill_value='extrapolate') f_y = interp1d(t_fk, valid_y, kind='linear', fill_value='extrapolate') t_target = np.linspace(0, 1, len(x_list)) x_interp = f_x(t_target) y_interp = f_y(t_target) errors = np.sqrt((x_interp - x_list)**2 + (y_interp - y_list)**2) print("\n=== FK 验证误差统计(仅正向段) ===") print(f"平均误差: {np.mean(errors):.3f} mm") print(f"最大误差: {np.max(errors):.3f} mm") print(f"标准差: {np.std(errors):.3f} mm") except Exception as e: print(f"误差计算失败: {e}") # --- 关节角度范围(仍显示整个过程)--- if len(all_th1) > 0 and len(all_th4) > 0: print("\n=== 关节角度范围统计 ===") print(f"θ₁ 范围: {min(all_th1):.2f}° ~ {max(all_th1):.2f}°") print(f"θ₄ 范围: {min(all_th4):.2f}° ~ {max(all_th4):.2f}°") # ------------------------ 主函数 ------------------------ if __name__ == "__main__": try: init_motors() # 选择轨迹(可切换) trajectory_config = { 'func': line_trajectory_fix, 'params': {'start': (25, 300), 'end': (200, 300), 'num_points': 100} } # 示例:圆形轨迹 # trajectory_config = { # 'func': circle_trajectory, # 'params': {'center': (100, 300), 'radius': 40, 'num_points': 100} # } run_trajectory_with_animation(trajectory_config['func'], **trajectory_config['params']) except KeyboardInterrupt: print("\n【用户中断】") except Exception as e: print(f"程序异常: {e}") finally: if not DEBUG_MODE: try: motor_control.disable(motor1) motor_control.disable(motor2) print("电机已停机。") except Exception: pass else: print("【DEBUG】程序结束")